Abstracts and Short Papers from Oral Presentations at the
North American Pulse Improvement Association (NAPIA)
October 28-30, 2009 Meeting
Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A.
The challenge of manipulating seed quality traits in pea
for multiple end uses
Domoney
XE "Domoney" , C.1*, Chinoy XE "Chinoy" , C.1, Laugier
XE "Laugier" , F.1, 1 John Innes
Centre, Norwich, UK
Pillinger
XE "Pillinger" , W.1, Charlton XE "Charlton" , A.2
and 2 The Food and Environment Research Agency,
York, UK
Clemente
XE "Clemente" , A.3
3
Estacion
Experimental del Zaidin, Granada, Spain
*Presenter (claire.domoney@bbsrc.ac.uk)
The biochemical
definition of target seed quality traits in pea, coupled with an
understanding of their genetics, will provide tools and resources that may
be exploited for a broad range of end-uses by the feed and food industries.
Some end-uses make conflicting demands on seed product composition, for
example where so-called anti-nutritional components in animal feed are now
recognised as having health-promoting properties. Novel variants for the
anti-nutritional proteins, pea albumin 2 and trypsin/ chymotrypsin
inhibitors, have been isolated and provide tools for examining the
contribution of such proteins to human health, as well as their potential
for improving digestibility in animal feed. Metabolite analyses have
identified downstream changes to pathways and compounds as a consequence of
genetic background, as well as changes that can be attributed to the
environment. The further identification of seed metabolites linked to food
quality will provide links to pathways and markers for improved selection
processes. The loss or retention of green colour by vining and marrowfat pea
seeds is an economically significant quality parameter. Lines with stable
green colour have been identified and used to develop recombinant inbred
lines with associated maps to define genetic loci involved in seed colour
stability. Allelic variation in candidate genes of the chlorophyll
degradation pathway is providing markers for the selection of backcross
lines for field analysis. Alongside the selection of novel germplasm, the
TILLING platform (http://urgv.evry.inra.fr/UTILLdb)
is being exploited to identify mutants in a number of seed protein gene
families. The activities of the Pulse Crop Genetic Improvement Network (http://www.pcgin.org)
funded by Defra, UK, together with the EU-funded Grain Legumes Integrated
Project (http://www.eugrainlegumes.org)
and its associated technology transfer platform (http://www.gl-ttp.com/),
have provided a mechanism to foster direct links between this research and
the relevant industry.
Ferric reductase activity and PsFRO1 sequence variation in Pisum
sp.
Klein XE "Klein" ,
M.A. and Grusak, M.A. XE "Grusak" *
USDA-ARS, Houston,
TX, USA
*Presenter
(mgrusak@bcm.tmc.edu)
Physiological studies in pea (Pisum sativum) suggest that the
reduction of iron (Fe) is the rate-limiting physiological process in Fe
acquisition by dicotyledonous plants. Previous molecular work suggests that
ferric reductase activity is regulated at both the transcriptional and
post-translational levels. In order to further dissect the regulation of
ferric reductase transcription and activity, we are conducting a survey of
32 pea accessions derived from single-seed descent (obtained from the USDA
Germplasm Collection, Pullman, WA). Plants were grown under low and high Fe
conditions (0.5 and 15 µM Fe[III]-EDDHA) and analyzed for root ferric
reductase activity. In addition, PsFRO1 was isolated and sequenced
from all lines. Across the accessions, ferric reductase activity was
variable and several polymorphisms were identified in PsFRO1. This
variation will be used to discuss the genetic and functional attributes that
contribute to the regulation of iron homeostasis at the whole-plant level in
pea.
Preliminary assessment of the genetic diversity of Pisum sativum USDA
core seed collection for seed sugar composition and concentration
Coyne, C.J.1,
McGee, R.J.1,
1
USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, USA
Mattinson,
D. S.2,
Fuchs, S.2 and Fellman, J.K.2 2 Washington
State University, Pullman, WA, USA
Presenter (clarice.coyne@ars.usda.gov
)
Introduction
There is interest in
enhancing the nutrient content (nutritional quality) of our food supply in
order to help people attain the recommended daily allowances of various
nutrients (5). Pea seeds are a good source of the sugars, starches and
amino acids needed for energy and protein synthesis requirements in humans.
Sugars, or low molecular weight carbohydrates (LMWC) in mature pea seed
include simple sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose, sorbitol) and raffinose
family oligosacchardies (RFOs) (raffinose, stachyose, verbascose)(4). RFOs
are important to plants for frost tolerance, desiccation protection during
seed maturation, and carbohydrate transport in the phloem. RFOs have been
implicated in anti-nutritional effects like gastric upset in monogastric
animals, but also probiotic effects (1). Previous studies have indicated
that genetic variation for LMWC in pea seeds is highly influenced by the
environment (1), however no evaluations of a significant number of landrace
genotypes have been reported. Starch mutants within pea (Pisum sativum,
L.), which induce wrinkling of the seed as a result of differences in seed
LMWC composition, have been identified and characterized for variation at
six rugosus loci (2). Our objectives are to evaluate a set of mostly
wrinkled pea accessions from the PI collection at green harvest stage and to
identify new genotypes for crop improvement. We will present our
preliminary results on 16 landraces and cultivars.
Materials and methods
Six plants from each
of 120 wrinkle-seeded Pisum sativum accessions were grown in 4.4 L
pots of a commercial soilless mix (Sunshine #4) in a greenhouse under
16hr/8hr day/night 20/15 C°. Pods were harvested at the immature green pea
stage and frozen at -20 C°. Pea seed was removed and three samples of
uniform color and size seed of one gram each were ground using a
homogenizer and processed for LMWC analysis using gas-liquid chromatography
as described by McPhee et al. (3).
Results and
discussion
The preliminary
analysis of the USDA from the core collection based on 16 accessions (Table
1) indicates a wide range of low molecular weight carbohydrate
concentrations expressed as µg/g fresh weigh were identified. In this
subset of accessions the highest concentrations of LMWC were sucrose and
stachyose which range from 9,294 to 42,493 and 0 to 26,674 µg/g fresh weigh,
respectively. While significant variation for LMWC was identified, the
absence of method to select uniform immature green pea for analysis, such as
a tenderometer reading, is a significant problem. We plan to use a uniform
harvest using days after pollination for the next experiment.
Acknowledgements:
Funding provided by a USDA Horticulture Crops Evaluation Award and
USDA-ARS CRIS Project 5348-21 000-026-00D. We thank greenhouse assistants
Landon Charlo, Alison Hitchcock, and Nancy Nydegger-Paulitz.
1. Ekvall, J.,
Stegmark, R. and Nyman, M. 2005. J. Sci. Food Agric. 85:691–699.
2. Lyall, T.W.,
Ellis, R.H., John, P., Hedley, C.L. and Wang, T.L. 2003. J. Experi. Bot.
54:445-450.
3. McPhee, K.E.,
Zemetra, R.S., Brown, J. and Myers, J.R. 2002. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.
127:376-382.
4. Peterbauer, T. and
Richter, A. 2001. Seed Sci. Res.
11: 185–197.
5. Wang, T.L.,
Domoney, C., Hedley, C.L., Casey, R. and Grusak, M.A. 2003. Plant Phys.
131:886-891.
Variation for seed mineral and protein concentrations in diverse germplasm
of lentil
Grusak XE "Grusak" , M.A.1* and Coyne, C.J.
XE "Coyne"
2
1USDA-ARS, Houston, TX, USA
*Presenter (mgrusak@bcm.tmc.edu)
2USDA-ARS,
Pullman, WA, USA
Lentil (Lens culinaris) is an important food legume that can provide
significant amounts of dietary minerals and other essential nutrients to
humans. To understand the nutritional diversity that exists within this
species, we measured seed mineral and protein concentrations in 350 diverse
accessions of the lentil single-plant derived core collection that is
maintained by USDA. Plants were grown to maturity in a greenhouse using a
soil mix and were irrigated daily with a complete nutrient solution. At
maturity, all seeds collected from six plants per accession were combined,
dried at 70 C, and finely ground to homogenize the bulk sample prior to
further analysis. Ranges of seed mineral concentrations and protein
percentages, along with correlations between traits, will be presented.
Results will focus on Ca, Mg, K, P, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and total protein. Data
for individual accessions will be available in the USDA-ARS Germplasm
Resource Information Network (GRIN) database, where it can be accessed by
breeders and other scientists.
Creating an integrated genomic technology platform for lentil breeding
Bett, K. XE "Bett"
1*, Vijayan, P. XE "Vijayan" 1, Sharpe, A.2,
1University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK,
Canada
Sanderson, L. XE
"Sanderson" 1, Links, M. XE "Links" 3, Vandenberg, B
XE "Vandenberg" 1, 2 National Research Council,
Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Tar’an,
B. XE "Tar’an"
1 and Warkentin, T. XE "Warkentin" 1
3 Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
*Presenter (k.bett@usask.ca)
In an effort to
develop an integrated genomics technology platform to assist in lentil crop
development, we have undertaken deep sequencing of expressed genes in
selected genotypes that represent a wide range of cultivated germplasm used
in the Canadian lentil breeding program. A high throughput SNP discovery
and mapping platform is being built in collaboration with Canadian and
international collaborators to map a large number of gene-based markers and
integrate the lentil sequence information and mapping data with model legume
genomes. Efforts to translate these genomic resources into crop development
tools will be presented.
Variation in fungicide sensitivity and mycelial compatibility between two
field populations of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Attanayake, R.N. XE "Attanayake"
1,*, Johnson, D.A. XE "Johnson"
1 1Washington
State University, Pullman, WA, USA
Porter, L. XE
"Porter" 2 and Chen, W. XE "Chen,W." 3
2USDA-
ARS, Prosser, WA, USA
*Presenter (rekunil@yahoo.com)
3USDA-
ARS, Pullman, WA, USA
Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum
is a ubiquitous necrotrophic pathogen. It causes white mold on more than 400
plant species including chickpea, lentil, pea and potato. In order to
understand the effect of host plants, cropping history and cultural
practices on evolutionary potential of S. sclerotiorum, a pathogen
population from pea was compared with a population from potato in terms of
mycelial compatibility grouping (MCG) and fungicide sensitivity. Fungicide
application and irrigation are regular practices in potato production,
whereas no fungicides or irrigation are used in dry pea production. A total
of 57 isolates (31 from a commercial dry pea field and 26 from a commercial
potato field) were used in the comparison. Twenty-three MCGs were found
among 31 pea isolates (G:N ratio 0.74), and 17 MCGs in 26 isolates of the
potato population (G:N ratio 0.65), suggesting that relatively higher
genetic diversity exists in the pea population. Variation in sensitivity to
two fungicides between the two populations was
also compared. Colony diameters were determined 36 hrs after
inoculation on PDA plates amended with
Benomyl (0.2 µg a.i./ml)
and Quadris (0.8 µg a.i./ml). Pea field
population showed greater variance than did the potato population for both
the fungicides, suggesting that the pea population has higher diversity for
loci controlling fungicide sensitivity and has more potential to adapt into
new environments. No variation was found in sclerotial dry weight between
the two populations suggesting that life history traits are less prone to
selection pressure. These two populations are being assessed for variation
at 12 microsatellite loci to estimate genetic differentiation at neutral
markers between the two populations.
Utilization of disease resistance genes in chickpea and lentil and their
wild relatives
Buchwaldt, L.1*,
Kishore, G.K.1,2 1Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Rubeena, S.1,
Singh, P., Booker, H.M.1,3, 2NRC-Plant Biotechnology
Institute, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Tar’an, B.3
and Sharpe, A.G.2
3University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
*Presenter (Lone.Buchwaldt@agr.gc.ca)
Incorporation of
disease resistance genes in crop varieties begins with a search for lines of
the cultivated species that are resistant to pathogen isolates
representative of the area for which the varieties are intended. This
presentation will focus on progress in the incorporation of resistance to
anthracnose (Colletotrichum truncatum) and ascochyta blight (Ascochyta
lentis) in lentil (Lens culinaris) and ascochyta blight (Ascochyta
rabiei) in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Screening at PGRC of about
2000 L. culinaris lines identified resistance to either ascochyta
blight or anthracnose. ILL358 and ILL5588 were resistant to only 22% and 35%
of the Canadian A. lentis isolates tested while cv. Indianhead and
ILL7537 were resistant to all and therefore ideal for variety improvement. A
specific line by isolate interaction was observed, indicating the presence
of pathogen races also described in Australia and New Zealand. Resistance to
C. truncatum race Ct1 was identified in several L. culinaris
lines. Partial resistance to the other more aggressive race, Ct0, was
initially found in only a single line, ILL421. Recently, screening of new
germplasm resulted in more lines with good levels of Ct0 resistance which
will be amendable to breeding. Co-dominant molecular markers in lentil are
sparse, and we are in progress of developing SSR markers from lentil
expressed sequence tags in an effort to better map disease resistance in
ILL7537, PI320937, Indianhead and the new lines with Ct0 resistance. Several
non-allelic dominant or recessive genes in L. culinaris are available
for crop improvement reducing the need for introgression of resistance from
wild lentil. We are also studying resistance in chickpea lines originally
identified at ICARDA and ICRISAT. Some of these lines were resistant to all
Canadian A. rabiei isolates while others were resistant to only a
portion. Fifteen QTLs associated with ascochyta resistance in chickpea were
identified in eleven mapping populations. Linkage analysis of marker data
from C. arietinum x C. reticulatum revealed a high degree of
segregation distortion in certain linkage groups which prevented mapping of
some of the loci contributing to ascochyta resistance. We plan to pyramid
selected QTLs by crossing C. arietinum lines with high yielding
chickpea varieties. F1 progeny will be selfed to allow selection
of both dominant and recessive resistance loci in F2 using
markers flanking each resistance QTL. Inter-crossing of F2 and
selfing will continue until QTLs from 2 or 3 lines are combined into
breeding materials. A study of the molecular interaction on the leaf surface
between chickpea and A. rabiei has shown the presence of effector and
suppressor molecules secreted by both the host and pathogen. We intend to
identify the underlying defense genes in this interplay and determine if
some genes co-locate with the known QTLs for ascochyta resistance.
Improving resistance to mycosphaerella blight and powdery mildew by using
wild Pisum resistance sources
Valarmathi, G.
XE "Valarmathi"
1,
Warkentin, T.D.
XE "Warkentin"
1*
1
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Tar’an, B.
XE "Tar’an"
1,
Fondevilla, S.
XE "Fondevilla"
2
and Banniza, S.
XE "Banniza"
1
2
University of
Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
*Presenter:
tom.warkentin@usask.ca
Recent studies by Fondevilla et al. identified high levels of
resistance to ascochyta blight and a new gene (Er3) for resistance to
powdery mildew in accessions of Pisum fulvum, a wild relative of
field pea. We have initiated research to evaluate these new resistance
sources, as well as other wild Pisum accessions, under Saskatchewan
conditions. In the case of mycosphaerella blight, fifty three wild
accessions (including P. fulvum, P. sativum,
ssp. elatius, P. sativum ssp. abyssinicum, P. sativum ssp.
asiaticum, P. sativum ssp. transcaucasicum, and P. sativum var.
arvense) from USDA and CSIC (Spain) were evaluated under greenhouse
conditions, with the most promising of these further evaluated under field
conditions. The wild accessions differed significantly in their resistance
level, with W6 15017 and P-651 (P. fulvum), as well as PI 344538 (P.
sativum, ssp. elatius), showing greater resistance than the most
resistant check Radley. In the case of powdery mildew, seven accessions
carrying resistance gene er1, one accession with er2, two
accessions with Er3, along with two susceptible checks were evaluated
for powdery mildew at two locations in Saskatchewan in 2009. Accessions
carrying Er3 were found to be completely resistant to powdery mildew,
as were accessions carrying er1. Accessions with er2 developed
disease 2-3 weeks after the susceptible checks, with the disease developing
to a moderate level towards maturity.
Lentils in Alaska: Potential and prospects
Furman, B.F.1*
and Coyne, C.J.2
1USDA-ARS, Palmer, AK, USA
*Presenter: (bonnie.furman@ars.usda.gov)
2USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, USA
The Western Regional
Plant Introduction Station at Pullman, Washington holds the USDA collection
of cool-season pulses. The USDA lentil collection consists of 2798
accessions (1), including an established core collection of 280 accessions
(2, 5). This core collection was collaboratively grown out at the
Sub-arctic Agricultural Research Unit's Germplasm (SARU) site in Palmer,
Alaska. Five commercial check varieties were included in the study:
Crimson, Eston, Laird, Pardina and Redchief. Two replications in a
randomized complete block design were planted for a total of 570 plots.
Although lentils have been previously tested in Alaska for nitrogen fixation
(3, 4), they had not been seriously considered for use as a grain crop. To
our knowledge, this is the first major screening of lentil germplasm in
Alaska.
The
Alaska growing season is unique in that it is very short (approximately
90-100 days) with up to 22 hours of continuous daylight. Planting took
place the first week of June in cool, damp soils. The 2009 growing season
consisted of mostly warm, dry days with an average high temperature of
75.3°F and average day length of 18 hours. There was very little rain and
supplemental irrigation was used when necessary. The major impediment during
the season was a healthy weed population consisting mostly of Lambsquarters
and chickweed.
Data were collected
on days to emergence, days to 50% flowering, and plant height (Table 1).
Plots were also scored for both plant vigor and pod set vigor. Only two
accessions failed to germinate in one replication. Only 6 plots failed to
produce pods at all. Twenty-nine accessions, including two check varieties,
showed advanced pod set in both replications. A total of 77 accessions,
including two check varieties, showed advanced pod set in one of the two
replications. Those accessions with a combination of excellent vigor and
advanced pod set will be analyzed for nitrogen content to test their
potential as a cover crop or forage.
Although no accession
made it to full maturity, a number of accessions made it to advanced pod
fill. The core collection does contain accessions known to be early
maturing (5). Planting date and weed issues may have resulted in delayed
maturity overall. However, the results presented here show that there is
potential for lentils as a grain crop in Alaska. In addition, the vigorous
vegetative growth in a number of accessions shows promise for forage
production.
We will replant the
most promising accessions from the core collection in spring 2010. In
addition, one cultivar (Morton) and 12 breeding lines were planted in
October 2009 in an attempt to increase the growing season. We would also
expect that early maturity varieties or breeding lines to perform well. We
thus seek cold tolerant, short season cultivars/breeding lines to test their
potential in Alaska for both fall and spring planting. Alaska SARU is open
to collaboration for those wishing to test such varieties.
1. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/
2. Simon C.J. and
Hannan R. 1995. Hort. Sci. 304: 907.
3. Sparrow S.J.,
Cochran V.L, and E.B. Sparrow. 1993. Can. J. Plant Sci. 73:1037-1045.
4. Sparrow S.J.,
Cochran V.L, and E.B. Sparrow. 1995. Agron. J. 87:34-41.
5. Tullu A., I.
Kusmenoglu1, K.E. McPhee and F.J. Muehlbauer. 2001. Genetic Resources and
Crop Evolution 48: 143–152.
Evaluation of fungicide seed treatments as management tools for root rot of
dry peas in North Dakota
Goswami, R. XE "Goswami"
1*, Schatz, B. XE "Schatz" 2,
1North
Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
Mathew, F. XE "Mathew"
1 and Markell, S.G. XE "Markell" 1 2Carrington
Research Extension Center, Carrington, ND, USA
*Presenter (Rubella.Goswami@ndsu.edu)
North Dakota is the
largest producer of dry pea (Pisum sativum) in the United States with
approximately 520 thousand acres planted in 2009. Root rots are a major
disease problem statewide. Fungicide seed treatments can be used as
management tools, but few trials have been done in North Dakota. The
objectives of this study were to determine the effects of fungicide seed
treatments on stand, disease severity, and yield and to identify the causal
pathogen(s). Field trials were conducted in 2008 and 2009 at the
Carrington Research Extension Center in Carrington, ND and an on-farm
location near Newberg, ND. Trials included multiple rates and combinations
of fungicides including; mefenoxam, fludioxonil and trifloxystrobin. A
yield increase and reduction in disease severity over the untreated control
were observed with some fungicide seed treatments. Pathogen isolations
from infected roots indicate Fusarium species were primarily
responsible for causing root rots.
Soybean (Glycine max L.) as potential forage in the northern
high plains of USA
Santra, D. K.*,
Schild, J., Hawley, R.,
University of
Nebraska-Lincoln, Scottsbluff, NE, USA
Frickel, G. and
Harvey, S.
*Presenter (Dsantra2@unlnotes.unl.edu)
Soybean was
introduced to the USA and initially promoted as forage crop in mid 1800s.
However, the focus was shifted to as grain crop rather than forage in late
1940s. Livestock is a major component of agricultural production in northern
High Plains of the USA and high quality forage is essential to support the
industry. Foxtail, sorghum/Sudan grass, oat, alfalfa are the commonly grown
forage in the area. High yielding legume forage is desirable because of its
high feed quality and ability to add nitrogen to the soil through biological
nitrogen fixation. Alfalfa is the only high quality major legume forage
grown in the region. Therefore, availability of alternative or complementary
legume forage will be significant in supporting livestock industry in the
region because of high price and decreased reliance on alfalfa by livestock
producers.
The objective of this
study was to test feasibility of soybean as forage crop in northern High
Plains and to determine the best stage to harvest forage without losing its
quality. In 2009, eight forage soybean varieties (RR5519, RRJ7609, Ozark,
RR-Large Lad, RR-Big Fellow, RR4818, Derry, and Laredo) were planted on May
29 at Scottsbluff, NE following randomized complete block design under flood
irrigation as single plot (7.6 m long 4 rows with 0.5 m spacing). Height (m)
and plants were harvested from 1 m plot to determine forage yield (fresh and
dry matter) in Mg/ha were recorded at different development stages starting
from R1 stage (beginning bloom) until R7 stage (full seed stage). Three
harvests were made on September 3, 16 and 30 and data were recorded.
Table 1: Forage soybean height and yield at different growth stage based on
2009 trial at Scottsbluff, NE.
|
Harvest |
Growth Stage Range (Av. Stage) |
Average Height (m) |
Average Fresh Yield (Mg/ha) |
Average Dry Matter Yield (Mg/Ha) |
|
Sept. 3, 2009 |
V-R1 (V) |
0.76 |
20.756 |
5.325 |
|
Sept. 16, 2009 |
R1-R3 (R2) |
0.86 |
24.393 |
6.874 |
|
Sept. 30, 2009 |
R3-R6 (R4) |
0.94 |
26.411 |
8.627 |
Height and fresh and
dry matter yield increases as plants were maturing from R1 to R6 stage
(Table 1). However, overall quality of the forage may be reduced as plants
get older. Forage quality analysis is in progress and we will know the best
developmental stage for optimum forage yield and forage quality. Although
more trials need to be conducted, this first year preliminary data indicates
that soybean is a potential forage crop in northern High Plains of USA.
Effects of fungicide usage on chickpea rhizospheric bacterial community
Yang, C.1,2*,
Chantal, H.2, Vujanovic, V.1, 1University
of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Gan, Y.T.2
and Hanson, K.2 2Semiarid
Prairie Agri. Res. Centre, Swift Current, SK, Canada
Chickpea (Cicer
arietinum L.), as an annual grain legume crop, is the third most
important food legume in the world after dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
and pea (Pisum sativum L.)
and has been used for crop diversification in wheat-based rotation in dry
areas of Canada.
In order to
prevent ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei) outbreaks and yield loss,
fungicide applications is common practice in chickpea production.
Some bacterial species have a similar chemical binding site as fungi and the
fungicides used in chickpea field may influence the soil bacterial
community. Wether or not effects of foliar fungicide application on soil
bacteria are important is a matter of debate (3,
4), and a question that we addressed.
Soil samples were
collected in 2008 from a field experiment where 2 chickpea cultivars
received one of 4 different fungicide treatments involving Bravo®
and Headline Duo®. The diversity of the bacterial communities in
rhizospheric soil from plots under different treatments was analysed using a
molecular (polymerase chain reaction - denaturing gradient gel
electrophoresis) and a physiological (phospholipid fatty acid methyl esters)
‘fingerprinting’ methods.
Results showed that
chickpea genotypes influence their microbial environment differently, as
Luna was associated with a higher Gram- bacterial biomass than Vanguard.
Fungicide applications on above ground chickpea parts had no effect on
bacterial biomass in the rhizosphere of field-grown chickpea, but decreased
the diversity of dominant bacterial DNA sequences. The negative effect on
fungicide application on bacterial diversity increased with the number of
fungicide application on chickpea aerial parts. Applying Bravo®
at the vegetative stage between applications of Headline Duo® at
seedling and early flowering stages of chickpea growth had no detectable
effect on related rhizospheric bacteria. We conclude that fungicide
application on chickpea leaves can reduce bacterial diversity in chickpea
rhizosphere. This effect may be indirect and mediated by chickpea response
to fungicide application.
1. Pande, S.,
Siddique, K.H.M., Kishore, G.K., Bayaa, B., Gaur, P.M., Gowda, C.L.L.,
Bretag, T.W. and Crouch, J.H. 2005. Ascochyta blight of chickpea (Cicer
arietinum L.): A review of biology, pathogenicity, and disease
management. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56:317-332.
2. Gan, Y.T.,
Siddique, K.H.M., MacLeod, W.J. and Jayakumar, P. 2006. Management options
for minimizing the damage by ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei) in
chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Field Crops Research 97:121-134.
3. Shtienberg, D.,
Kimber, R.B.E., McMurray, L. and Davidson, J.A. 2006. Optimisation of the
chemical control of ascochyta blight in chickpea. Australasian Plant
Pathology 35:715-724.
4. Pethybridge, S.J.,
Hay, F.S., Wilson, C.R. and Groom, T. 2005. Development of a fungicide-based
management strategy for foliar disease caused by Phoma ligulicola in
Tasmanian pyrethrum fields. Plant Disease 89:1114-1120.
First-year results of evaluating winter-hardiness of 55 faba bean (Vicia
faba L.) accessions from the NPGS collection
Hu, J1, Mwengi,
J.E.2,
1USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, USA
Coyne, C.J.1
and Pan, W.L.2
2Washington State University, Pullman,
WA, USA
Introduction
Grain legumes are the
ideal crops in rotation with cereal crops (1) since legumes have the ability to
fix atmospheric nitrogen via symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria.
Currently, only winter-hardy peas and lentils are used in rotation with wheat in
the Palouse region of Washington and Idaho. Murray et al. (2) reported that
faba bean (Vicia faba L.) has the same winter-hardiness as lentil
and better than pea. The objective of this project is to evaluate the
winter-hardiness of the faba bean accessions in NPGS collection in Pullman and
identify winter-hardy genotypes for future crop development.
Materials and methods
Forty-three faba bean
accessions maintained by the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Introduction
Station in Pullman, WA, were used for the first year experiment. These included
15 accessions from Afghanistan, six from Bulgaria, 13 from China, two from
Finland, two from Hungary, four from Nepal and one from Poland. In addition, 12
cultivars and breeding lines obtained from Professor W. Link, Department of Crop
Sciences, Georg-August University, Germany,
were included in the trial
for these lines were reported have good level of winter hardiness
(3.4).
Thirty seeds from each
entry were planted in single row plot (3.05 m long with 1.52 m between rows) in
a replicated field trial at two locations (on September 29 in Pullman and on
October 8 in Central Ferry). Observation notes were taken through the growing
season and a one-to-four scale was used to score the winter hardiness (1: no or
little damage, 2: slight damage, 3: intermediate damage and 4: severe damage).
The plots were harvested on June 2009 and seed yield was measured for each plot.
Results and discussion
There is a high level of
variation in winter hardiness among the accessions, which showed different
responses to the low temperature during the winter. Some exhibited little or no
damage and others were severely damaged in both locations. All accessions
survived in Central Ferry while several accessions were completely dead in
Pullman. There is a high level of variation in winter hardiness among the
accessions under evaluation and the variation is heritable as the same accession
expressed similar hardiness in both locations. Figure 1 depicts the average
yield per plot of the 55 entries in the Central Ferry location. A significant
correlation exists between the winter hardiness score and the average plot yield
ranging from 27 to 405 grams. The mean yield per plot for 32 accessions with
winter hardiness scores above 2 was 160 grams and that of 23 accessions with
winter hardiness scores 1 and 2 was 230 grams. It was observed that some
accessions had the ability to send out shoots from the lower nodes of the stem.
This “regrow” ability was observed after the leaves of the upper nodes were
damaged or killed by low temperatures and could be used as one of the criteria
to measure winter hardiness of faba bean. One accession had a winter hardiness
score of 4 but also had the highest yield per plot due to its strongest regrow
ability. Further investigation into this trait is needed to elucidate this
winter survival mechanism. Our preliminary results suggested that the
accessions with high level of winter hardiness have the potential to be
developed into an alternative fall-planting rotation crop for the Palouse region
of Washington and Idaho.
Figure 1.
Histogram of average seed yield (grams/plot) of the 55 entries harvested from
the Central Ferry location.
Acknowledgements:
Assistance from
Kristy Ann Ott, Landon Charlo, Wayne Olson, Kurt Tetrick, and Sean Vail is
gratefully noted. Funding includes a USDA Horticulture Crops Evaluation Award,
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University and USDA ARS
CRIS Project 5348-21 000-026-00D.
1. Karlen,
D.L., Varvel, G.E., Bullock, D.G. and Cruse, R.M. 1994. Advances in Agronomy
53:1-45.
2.
Murray, G.A., Eser, D.,
Gusta, L.V. and Eteve, G. 1988. In: Summerfield R.J. (ed.) World Crops: Cool
Season Food Legumes. Kuwer, London. pp. 831-843.
3.
Arbaoui, M.and
Link, W. 2008.
Euphytica
162:211–219.
4.
Arbaoui M.,
Balko, C. and Link W. 2008.
Field Crops Res.
106:60–67.
Epidemiology and management of ascochyta blight in improved Australian pulse
crops
Davidson, J.A. XE
"Davidson" 1*, McMurray, L. XE "McMurray" 2,
1SARDI, Adelaide,
South Australia
Lines, M. XE "Lines"
3 and Salam, M.U. XE "Salam"
3
2SARDI, Clare, South Australia
*Presenter (Jenny.Davidson@sa.gov.au)
3DAFWAustralia, Northam, Western Australia
Control of ascochyta blight in cool season winter grown pulse crops in Australia
is reliant on a combination of strategies. Historically Australian cultivars of
field pea, faba bean, chickpea and some lentil were susceptible to ascochyta
blight. Successful crop production depended upon wide rotations of the same
crop type to limit pathogen carryover, distance from infested stubble, strategic
delayed sowing dates and regular fungicide applications. The fungicide
strategies have been developed around the registered products, chlorothalonil
and mancozeb. Chemical companies have not registered other actives for pulse
crops in Australia, possibly due to the high costs for a relatively small
industry. Chlorothalonil and mancozeb have protective rather than curative
properties. While the efficacy of these fungicides was demonstrated in several
studies around the world, the application of fungicide sprays ahead of rain
events was found to be critical in the Australian crops. Winter grown pulse
crops in Australia are reliant upon winter and spring rainfall. Since rain
splash is a critical factor in the spread of ascochyta blight regular rainfall
events over this period make the disease particularly difficult to control in
this region. From the year 2000 a number of faba bean, chickpea and lentil
cultivars with effective resistance to foliar ascochyta blight infection have
been released to the Australian pulse industry. This has reduced the reliance
on fungicides; however, strategic fungicides are still necessary to complement
moderate levels of resistance. In particular, the resistances are often not
expressed in pods and seeds, leading to the necessity for fungicide sprays
during the maturation phase of the crop to prevent pod abortion and/or seed
staining. Seed quality is an important component in the Australian pulse crop
since much of the crop is sold into human food markets through Middle East,
Africa and South-East Asia, particularly the Indian sub-continent.
Ascochyta blight of field pea is still a major concern, as high level resistance
has not been identified in this crop. This disease, caused by a complex of fungi
i.e. Didymella pinodes (synonym: Mycosphaerella pinodes), Phoma
medicaginis var. pinodella, Ascochyta pisi and Phoma
koolunga, is the most common disease in field peas. Research in the 1990’s
found that foliar fungicides were uneconomic in field peas and the most
effective disease control was gained by delaying sowing three or four weeks
beyond the season opening rains in autumn, the rains usually start in late April
or May. This delay in sowing minimises infection from airborne ascospores which
are released from infested stubble with rain. Delayed sowing is still a major
recommendation for the pea industry across South Australia. However with
expansion of the crop into low rainfall areas (<375 mm per annum) and the
increasing frequency of low rainfall seasons, the potential yield loss through
delayed sowing is often now greater than the loss from ascochyta blight. The
agronomic risk of delayed sowing has been amplified by the lack of spring rain
in the past three seasons, and growers are planting crops as early as is
practical.
The
risk of ascochyta blight infection from airborne ascospores can vary with
seasonal conditions. Following a wet summer, the release of ascospores can
occur earlier than crop emergence, so that early sown field peas are not as
exposed to infection as in other seasons. This provides some flexibility in
sowing date, without increased disease risk. A predictive model, ‘Blackspot
Manager’, has been developed that predicts % ascospore release from ascochyta
blight-infested pea stubble for a given time of sowing. This model is used in
Western Australia and South Australia to determine optimum sowing dates for
field peas to reduce ascochyta blight risk from primary inoculum. Weekly
updates of the model predictions are available to the industry on the website ‘http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/cropdiseases’
beginning in March and continuing until mid June, by which time the majority of
pea crops have been sown. Further research is being conducted in South Australia
to determine the likely disease severity associated with the predictions from
‘Blackspot Manager’. In medium (400 mm per annum) and medium-high (450 mm per
annum) rainfall regions a high disease risk has been associated with 40%
ascospores remaining on stubble at sowing, while in the low rainfall region
(<400mm per annum) there was little disease irrespective of ascospore numbers.
In the medium rainfall area, crops distant (>400m) from infested stubble had
reduced risk so that >50% ascospores needed to be remaining on stubble at sowing
for disease risk to be high. This model may be used in conjunction with
‘Blackspot Manager’ to optimise management strategies that reduce ascochyta
blight on field peas in different rainfall and cropping regimes.
The
Australian pea industry has also adopted higher yielding cultivars including
early maturing erect semi-leafless types e.g. cv. Kaspa. Research is being
conducted on economic fungicide strategies to control ascochyta blight and to
identify optimum sowing dates in low to medium rainfall areas for these
cultivars. Epidemiology studies in these trials have identified the timing of
primary inoculum (ascospore release from infested stubble), and the timing of
secondary inoculum within the crop. Fungicides need to be applied to minimise
infection from both of these sources. To date these trials have shown foliar
fungicides (mancozeb) can reduce disease severity by a small amount (6-12%), but
in seasons with no spring rain this did not translate into additional grain
yield. Anecdotal evidence, from commercial crops grown in average rainfall
seasons, and treated with similar fungicide strategies, has shown that similar
small reductions in disease levels lead to economical yield gains. Further
research is required to confirm this in trials with more favourable spring
rainfall.
Ascochyta blight infection levels were lower in new cultivars and breeding
lines, indicating that improved ascochyta blight resistance is becoming
available to the Australian pea industry.
The semi-leafless more erect pea types are better adapted to earlier sowing
dates, while some lines have similar high yields when sown at early or mid
sowing dates providing flexibility with respect to sowing date. By comparison,
Australian cultivars of faba bean, lentil and chickpea have good foliar
resistance to ascochyta blight, although plant breeders continue seek multiple
sources of resistance to prepare for potentially virulent pathogen populations.
Acknowledgements:
This research was funded by South Australian Grains Industry Trust and Grains
Research & Development Corporation. Technical assistance has been provided by C.
Wilmshurst, M. Krysinska-Kaczmarek and M. Russ, SARDI, Adelaide, and by P.
Payne, DAFWA, Northam.
Fusarium avenaceum
as a causal agent of root rot in field pea and its control
Goswami, R.S. XE "Goswami" *, Mathew, F. XE "Mathew" ,
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
Chittem, K. XE "Chittem" and Markell, S.G. XE "Markell"
*Presenter (Rubella.Goswami@ndsu.edu)
Root
rots are a major concern in field pea production areas of the North-Central
United States including North Dakota. Disease surveys conducted in the recent
past have revealed that Fusarium species are largely associated root rots
in this region with Fusarium avenaceum being the most prevalent. The
objectives of our research have been to study the phylogenetic relatedness
between F. avenaceum isolates obtained from field peas and those from
other hosts; to evaluate the variation in aggressiveness within F.
avenaceum isolates from fields peas; and to assess the efficacy of seed
treatments and lime based soil amendments for control of Fusarium species
associated with field pea roots. All these studies, apart from the seed
treatments, were conducted under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Initial
results demonstrate a variation in the ability of F. avenaceum isolates
to cause root rots and a reduction in disease severity associated with use of
seed treatments and soil amendments under field and greenhouse conditions
respectively. F. avenaceum has often been associated with Fusarium head
blight of cereals commonly grown in rotation with field peas , therefore, these
findings are crucial for the development of integrated disease management
strategies.
A
preliminary report on green peas in Alaska
Furman, B.J.1,
McGee, R.J.2 and
1USDA-ARS, Palmer, AK, USA
Coyne, C.J.2
2USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, USA
*Presenter (bonnie.furman@ars.usda.gov)
Western Regional Plant
Introduction Station at Pullman, Washington, and Seneca Foods Corporation in
Dayton, WA, collaborated with the Sub-arctic Agricultural Research Unit (SARU)
to test a set of established cultivars and breeding lines of green peas under
sub-arctic growing conditions. Although wide scale pea production is unlikely
due to transport cost of export, there is an increasing need for productive,
early maturing, green pea cultivars for farmers' markets as well as a potential
market in local grocery stores(1). Seventeen lines of 30 treated seeds were
planted in three replications in a randomized complete block design at the
SARU’s Germplasm site in Palmer, Alaska. .
The Palmer, Alaska (61.60
latitude 149.08 longitude) growing season is very short (approximately 90-100
days) with up to 20 hours of continuous daylight. Treated seeds were planted on
June 1st in cool, damp soils. The 2009 growing season consisted of
mostly warm, dry days with an average high temperature of 75.3°F and average day
length of 18 hours. There was very little rain and supplemental overhead
irrigation was applied when necessary. The field site had some issues with
weeds, and plots were hand-weeded as necessary. No noticeable diseases were
present.
Data were collected on
days to emergence, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, and plant height
(Table 1). All of the plots matured and were harvested at the physiologically
immature stage used for fresh/processing pea cultivars. Interestingly, while
the seed was not inoculated, a subset of roots dug revealed heavy nodulation.
The field site has a native population of vetch which could be a source of
rhizobia. Total fresh harvest and total pod weight were collected for each plot.
Total combined fresh weight for all plots was 293 kg. The total combined pod
weight was 102 kg with an average of just less than 2 kg of pods per plot.
Five
plants were randomly chosen at harvest and more extensive data were taken
including number of pods per plant and number of peas per 10 pods (Table 2).
There was a mean of ten pods per plant. Each pod had an average of 6.7 seeds.
The results presented
here show that there is huge potential for green pea as a fresh market crop in
Alaska. We will replant the most promising lines in spring 2010 at a number of
locations. In addition, we seek cold tolerant, short season cultivars/breeding
lines to test their potential in Alaska for both fall and spring planting. We
are also interested in fall planted dry peas and spring planted snow peas.
Alaska SARU is open to collaboration for those wishing to test such varieties.
\
1. USDA Vegetables and
Melons Outlook,
www.ers.usda.gov/publications/vgs/2009/06Jun/VGS333.pdf
Variety adaptation and agronomic study at central Montana for pulse crop yield
improvement and cropping systems
Chen,
C.
XE "Chen, C." *, Neill, K. XE "Neill" and Heser, J. XE "Heser"
Montana State University, Moccasin, MT, USA
*Presenter (cchen@montana.edu)
Pulse
crops are not only important commodities to the Montana economy, but also serve
as crucial rotation crops in a cereal-based production system, which dominates
Montana’s agricultural production, for better disease and weed control as well
as reduction of nitrogen fertilizer input due to biological nitrogen fixation.
To increase pulse crop variety adaptation and sustainability of yield, several
research projects were coordinated and carried out at the Central Agricultural
Research Center (CARC), Montana State University at Moccasin, MT. Specifically,
1) a multi-year variety trial was conducted at multiple locations across Montana
with diverse climate and soil conditions; 2) a multi-year crop rotation study
was conducted at the CARC where winter wheat was grown following winter pea
harvested for hay and spring pea harvested for grain; and 3) winter pea and
lentil grown as forage for livestock grazing or hay. Through variety selection
and testing as well as improvement of agronomic practices grain yields have
increased from 1000 kg ha-1 to 2000 kg ha-1 for spring
pea, and from 800 kg ha-1 to 1400 kg ha-1 for spring
lentil in the past 10 years, even though the yields varied greatly from year to
year and location to location due to the great variations of weather and soil
conditions. Winter wheat yields following spring and winter peas were greater
than following spring wheat. Winter pea and lentil produced 2100 kg ha-1
and 1400 kg ha-1 high quality hay respectively, and the yield of
winter wheat following winter pea or lentil cut for hay or grazed by cattle
yielded very well especially at low N input level. The yield was equivalent to
that following summer fallow.
Identification of organic seed treatments for organic green pea production
Porter
XE "Porter" , L.D.*
USDA-ARS, Prosser, WA, USA
*Presenter (lyndon.porter@ars.usda.gov)
Organic green pea production in Washington state makes up approximately 16%
(2,114 hectares) of the green pea production. Organic peas are planted in late
winter to early spring. The primary challenge to growing organic green peas is
poor stand development due to Pythium seed and seedling rot, which is
compounded by the low soil temperatures at planting. The present research
identified potential organic seed treatments effective against seed rotting
pathogens. Results suggest that biological seed treatments in general do not
perform well under organic green pea growing conditions, and corn flour, cuprous
oxide, Bio N, Triggrr and calcium need further investigation as potential
organic seed treatments.
Pulse Crop improvement at North Dakota State University
McPhee, K. XE "McPhee"
1,* and Pederson, S. XE "Pederson"
2 1North
Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
*Presenter (kevin.mcphee@ndsu.edu)
2North Central Research Extension Center, Minot, ND, USA
Pulse crops provide a
broad and diverse array of benefits to production agriculture and, more
generally, to society worldwide. They benefit production agriculture as a break
crop in cereal-based rotations for disease and grassy weed control in addition
to improving soil nutrition through fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. Pea,
lentil and chickpea also serve as a cash crop improving on-farm profitability.
The pulse crops, pea, lentil and chickpea, are highly nutritious, providing a
significant portion of dietary protein in human diets and pea, in particular,
plays a significant role in livestock rations. Production of pulse crops in
North Dakota and the Midwest region including eastern Montana and South Dakota
has increased over the past 15 years to become the primary production region for
these crops in the US. In the fall of 2008, North Dakota State University
established a pulse crop breeding program. The focus of this program is to
develop improved, agronomically suitable cultivars for North Dakota and, more
broadly, the Northern Plains region. Goals of the program include increased
yield, disease resistance, superior quality attributes and agronomic adaptation.
As much as 80% of US production of pea and lentil is exported and a significant
portion going into the human food markets making crop quality a primary goal of
the pulse industry. Despite an increasing amount of chickpea production being
consumed domestically due to increased hummus consumption, premium export
markets for chickpeas demand premium quality based on visual attributes.
Although visual quality criteria have dominated evaluations in the past, the
expanding use and value of pulse crops as ingredients in foods will require
greater focus on component analyses. Future success of the pulse industry in the
northern plains will require a coordinated effort between the breeding program
and affiliated research programs at NDSU and other institutions. Improved crop
quality attributes will require significant attention to traditional visual
quality criteria as well as attention to functional analyses of seed components.
These efforts will identify elite crop varieties with high yield potential and
superior seed quality.